{"id":23661,"date":"2023-04-24T13:48:34","date_gmt":"2023-04-24T10:48:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/klona.ua\/blog\/uncategorized\/database-the-concept-of-a-dbms"},"modified":"2023-05-10T18:13:42","modified_gmt":"2023-05-10T15:13:42","slug":"database-the-concept-of-a-dbms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/klona.ua\/en\/blog\/artificial-intelligence\/database-the-concept-of-a-dbms","title":{"rendered":"Database. The concept of a DBMS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The history of databases is the history of experts who, at various times, tried to understand their complexity. The first <strong>information explosions<\/strong> of the early computer era had <strong>a lasting impact<\/strong> on how we think about structuring information. The practices, structures, and <strong>use of databases<\/strong> , so innovative at the time, <strong>have become an integral part<\/strong> of how organizations manage data today. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/understanding-database-sharding-_-digitalocean-1-1.png\" alt=\"database header illustration\" class=\"wp-image-22945\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/understanding-database-sharding-_-digitalocean-1-1.png 750w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/understanding-database-sharding-_-digitalocean-1-1-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>Our company also did not stand aside. It is often difficult for organizations to keep up with dynamic changes in database and AI technology. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/uslugi\">KLONA<\/a> staff<\/strong> will help you figure it all out. Thanks to many years of experience, the company&#8217;s team will be able to determine exactly what needs to be optimized in your business and <strong>offer innovative solutions<\/strong> to the problem.<\/p>\n\n<p>In past articles, we have already discussed the concepts of <a href=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/en\/blog\/artificial-intelligence\/big-data-what-why-and-how\">big data<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/blog\/iskustvennyj-intelekt\/iskusstvennyj-intellekt-tehnologiya-uproshhayushhaya-zhizn-ili-zhe-ugroza-chelovechestvu\">artificial intelligence<\/a> . Now we propose to analyze <strong>what<\/strong> <strong>databases<\/strong> are, what are their types and where they are useful.<\/p>\n\n<p>Imagine that you have your own online gardening store. In order to record purchase data <strong>, one table<\/strong> was created with records: with the date of purchase, product name, quantity of goods and addresses of buyers.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"891\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/2023-03-30-2.png\" alt=\"database table\" class=\"wp-image-23014\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/2023-03-30-2.png 891w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/2023-03-30-2-300x134.png 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/2023-03-30-2-768x343.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 891px) 100vw, 891px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>Let&#8217;s say Sergey Kovalenko called you and asks about his purchase. You check the table, and there are several such Sergeyev Kovalenko in the database. How to be?<\/p>\n\n<p>It is much more <strong>convenient<\/strong> to create <strong>separate tables<\/strong> of customers, orders and products.<\/p>\n\n<p>Now these tables, although they seem so different, are actually <strong>connected<\/strong> . For example, each customer and product of a store has its own ID, and in the table these IDs are placed on one common row. Agree, now it is much easier and more convenient to work with customer data.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"database management\" class=\"wp-image-23017\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovateli.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x447;&#x442;&#x43E;-&#x431;&#x44B;&#x43B;&#x43E;-&#x434;&#x43E;-&#x431;&#x430;&#x437;-&#x434;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445;\">What was before databases?<\/h2>\n\n<p>The way computers manage data has <strong>changed dramatically<\/strong> over the past few decades. Today&#8217;s users take for granted many of <strong>the benefits<\/strong> of a <strong>data warehouse<\/strong> system. <\/p>\n\n<p>One way to store information on a computer is <strong>to store<\/strong> it <strong>in<\/strong> permanent <strong>files<\/strong> . The company&#8217;s system has a number of application programs; each of which is designed to manipulate data files. These <strong>applications<\/strong> were written <strong>at the request<\/strong> of users in organizations. New applications are added to the system when needed. The system just described is called <strong>the file system<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"660\" height=\"386\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/fajl-1.png\" alt=\"file system essence\" class=\"wp-image-22948\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/fajl-1.png 660w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/fajl-1-300x175.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 660px) 100vw, 660px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p><strong>In the 60s,<\/strong> database management systems ( <strong>DBMS<\/strong> ) were created. The technology made it possible <strong>to arrange<\/strong> huge <strong>volumes of information<\/strong> . The difficult task of organizing the records on the media for optimal access was now handled by a subsystem called the DBMS.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-&#x447;&#x442;&#x43E;-&#x442;&#x430;&#x43A;&#x43E;&#x435;-&#x431;a&#x437;&#x44B;-&#x434;&#x430;&#x43D;&#x43D;&#x44B;&#x445;\">What are databases?<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Databases<\/strong> are <strong>collections<\/strong> of organized <strong>information<\/strong> . <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Any collection<\/strong> of information is <strong>an information system<\/strong> . A payroll file, a stack of hospital forms for patients, a collection of information about a company&#8217;s clients &#8211; these are all databases.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Information stores<\/strong> not only <strong>provide<\/strong> places to store data, but also provide <strong>an organized structure<\/strong> for it. In addition, the technology provides <strong>mechanisms for interacting<\/strong> with information. The databases allow you <strong>to query<\/strong> , <strong>create<\/strong> , modify and delete data.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"What is Database &amp; SQL?\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FR4QIeZaPeM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Business information systems<\/h2>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Execution <strong>of business operations<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Organization and <strong>tracking of customers<\/strong> , assortment and employees<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ensuring<\/strong> adequate query <strong>performance<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ease of dealing<\/strong> with paperless consumer demand<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Storing <strong>different types<\/strong> of information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Process <strong>Automation<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are databases made of?<\/h2>\n\n<p>In total, there are <strong>5<\/strong> main <strong>components<\/strong> of information systems:<\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/komponenty-subd-1.png\" alt=\"DBMS components\" class=\"wp-image-22957\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/komponenty-subd-1.png 500w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/komponenty-subd-1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/komponenty-subd-1-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hardware<\/strong> . This is the actual computer system for storing and working with the database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Data<\/strong> . This is a set of facts in information systems, the source material of the generated information.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Access language<\/strong> . It is a simple language that allows users to write commands to perform operations on data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Software<\/strong> . It is a set of programs, instructions that tell the computer what to do. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Procedures<\/strong> . Refers to general instructions for using the DBMS. This includes procedures for configuring and installing the DBMS, logging in and out of systems software, management, creating backups, and more.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is a DBMS?<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>DBMS<\/strong> (database management system) is <strong>a software package<\/strong> that can be used to manage, validate and retrieve this information system.<\/p>\n\n<p>Two paradigms first emerged: <strong>the hierarchical model<\/strong> and the &#8221; <strong>network<\/strong> &#8221; model embodied in Charles Bachmann&#8217;s integrated dataset.<\/p>\n\n<p>In traditional file systems, information was stored in files. Let&#8217;s take the example of data on students in a school. The Accounts Department keeps records of tuition fees and has a separate file. And the examination department keeps records of grades for the entire period of study of each of the students and also has its own separate file. These two departments are interested in different information about students, so they do not have one common file.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"DBMS file systems comparison\" class=\"wp-image-22954\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/podhod-fajlovyh-sistem-1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>But as we can see, there are common data in the files, such as the student code and name, which are repeated in two tables, which leads to data duplication and storage waste.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>In the DBMS<\/strong> approach, all <strong>data<\/strong> is stored <strong>in a single<\/strong> <strong>environment<\/strong> and already several people have access to information, depending on what they are interested in, such as student code, grades, accounts and much more. So, using a small example, we showed how to avoid data repetition, besides, it is much <strong>more convenient to work<\/strong> with a DBMS.<\/p>\n\n<p>The DBMS acts as <strong>an intermediate layer<\/strong> between the user and the actual information system. <strong>Users write<\/strong> logical structured <strong>queries<\/strong> using the DBMS, thanks to the system, changes occur and <strong>the results<\/strong> are reflected <strong>in the database<\/strong> . Database management systems are designed to <strong>make it easier to view data sets<\/strong> by providing administrative operations such as tuning, performance monitoring, and restoring from a backup.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij-1024x576.png\" alt=\"how a DBMS manages databases\" class=\"wp-image-23020\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij-1320x743.png 1320w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/polzovatel-vzaimodejstvuet-s-interfejsom-subd-dlya-effektivnogo-i-bystrogo-vypolneniya-svoih-trebovanij.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Database types<\/h2>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Distributed DB<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Centralized database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Personal data base<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Relational database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Operational database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hierarchical database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cloud database<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Object-oriented database<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/tipy-baz-dannyh.png\" alt=\"database types\" class=\"wp-image-22951\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/tipy-baz-dannyh.png 500w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/tipy-baz-dannyh-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/tipy-baz-dannyh-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relational databases<\/h3>\n\n<p>A relational database stores information <strong>in the form of tables<\/strong> . A table is made up <strong>of rows<\/strong> and <strong>columns<\/strong> , in a relational system, rows are records and columns are fields. <strong>The term<\/strong> RBD was first introduced <strong>in the 1970s<\/strong> by E. F. Codd of IBM, and later, in 1974, Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce released <strong>SQL<\/strong> , or the Standard <strong>Query Language<\/strong> , which allows you to interact with a relational database. <\/p>\n\n<p>A relational information system is what its name implies: a tool <strong>for<\/strong> storing <strong>different types of information<\/strong> that are related in different ways. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td>ID<\/td><td>Name<\/td><td>Age<\/td><td>Favorite food<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>Lisa<\/td><td>11<\/td><td>pizza<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>Sarah<\/td><td>8<\/td><td>ice cream<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Jenna<\/td><td>9<\/td><td>pizza<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n<p>The structure of the relational model allows you to store information <strong>in an ordered manner<\/strong> . For the purpose of extracting data, you can run a query on a set of information. <strong>In SQL,<\/strong> query <strong>results can be filtered<\/strong> and <strong>manipulated<\/strong> using various expressions, giving users precise control over exactly what data is displayed in the result set.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Non-relational databases<\/h2>\n\n<p>Unlike relational databases, non-relational databases <strong>do not have tables<\/strong> , rows, or keys. In essence, this type of database is designed <strong>to<\/strong> store <strong>unstructured information<\/strong> , such as email messages, images, videos, and business documents.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Non-relational databases<\/strong> are called <strong>NoSQL<\/strong> because most often they do not use <strong>SQL queries<\/strong> , although some systems do <strong>support<\/strong> them. Some of the common NoSQL databases are MongoDB, Apache Cassandra, Redis, and Couchbase.<\/p>\n\n<p>There are several <strong>ways to create<\/strong> <strong>non-relational<\/strong> information stores, some of them are using <strong>key-value<\/strong> information systems, <strong>column<\/strong> -family <strong>data<\/strong> stores, <strong>graph data<\/strong> stores, and <strong>document data stores<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"non-relational database types\" class=\"wp-image-22939\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh-1320x743.jpg 1320w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/neredyaczionnnye-bazy-dannyh.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Features of non-relational databases <\/h3>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Flexibility<\/strong> . Working with any type of data is simplified thanks to non-relational types of information stores.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Scalability<\/strong> and <strong>responsiveness<\/strong> . Massive databases scale well on requests and provide fast responses to requests.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zero downtime<\/strong> . High availability with near-real-time information replication.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Cloud compatible<\/strong> . The scalability of cloud computing architecture is ideally combined with non-relational databases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multiple information structures<\/strong> . Various data types and information system formats are available with multiple models.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Instead of<\/strong> a <strong>SQL query<\/strong> language, the NoSQL database uses object-relational mapping ( <strong>ORM<\/strong> ). The concept of the technology is to write queries using <strong>a programming language<\/strong> . Some of the well-known ORMs are Java, Javascript, .NET, and PHP.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Programs for creating databases <\/h2>\n\n<p>Here is a list of popular DBMS:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mysql.com\/\">MySQL<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/microsoft-365\/access\">Microsoft Access<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Oracle<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.postgresql.org\/\">PostgreSQL<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dBASE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>FoxPro<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sqlite.org\/index.html\">SQLite<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>IBM DB2<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>LibreOffice Base<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mariadb.org\/\">MariaDB<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microsoft <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/sql-server\/sql-server-2022\">SQL Server<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are the disadvantages of a database?<\/h2>\n\n<p>The setup, operation and maintenance of information systems have some <strong>common problems<\/strong> as the following:<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Large database volumes<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>A large database will <strong>perform<\/strong> <strong>worse<\/strong> <strong>over time<\/strong> . This can often go unnoticed, so it&#8217;s important to do regular audits and health checks on your database to control the size and make sure it doesn&#8217;t contain unnecessary data.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>Security<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Data is a valuable business asset. Protecting information systems requires <strong>skilled cybersecurity personnel<\/strong> , which is often costly.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>Bad persistent requests<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Sometimes this is the result of incremental tuning as the database evolves, and sometimes the queries were poorly written from the start. Whatever the reason, an inefficient query <strong>can<\/strong> seriously <strong>affect the performance<\/strong> and stability of systems.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>Integrity<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>Achieving this data is not always easy, it is necessary that access to databases be granted only to those who have the right to work with them.<\/p>\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>Resource consumption<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<p>According to Gartner, three-quarters of all databases will be in the cloud by next year. While the cloud can <strong>make it easier to operate<\/strong> and <strong>maintain<\/strong> databases, it still leaves room for hardware and configuration considerations. If the needs of your data array change over its lifetime, you may find that <strong>the capacity<\/strong> must <strong>increase as your data array grows<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Database Perspectives<\/h2>\n\n<p><strong>Now<\/strong> developers and IT teams have <strong>much more options<\/strong> in creating and working with databases. The sheer variety of different deployment options aims to simplify, but this can be confusing. With so many options available, people are more likely to choose options that offer short-term benefits but are less valuable in the long run than others. <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/relational-database-1.jpg\" alt=\"relational databases\" class=\"wp-image-22933\" srcset=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/relational-database-1.jpg 640w, https:\/\/klona.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/relational-database-1-300x262.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>History teaches us that <strong>technology does not always<\/strong> continue <strong>on its existing trajectory<\/strong> . Disruptive technologies are emerging that create gaps that cannot be extrapolated and cannot always be fully foreseen.<\/p>\n\n<p>That being said, there are <strong>several trends<\/strong> in computer technology that go beyond database architecture and <strong>could<\/strong> greatly <strong>influence the information systems<\/strong> of the future, here are some of them:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/techno.bigmir.net\/technology\/5929026-sozdana-universalnaja-pamjat-kotoraja-zamenit-ssd-i-ram\">Universal Memory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Since the dawn of digital databases, there has been <strong>a strong conflict<\/strong> between <strong>speed savings<\/strong> and <strong>storage<\/strong> savings. The media that offers the most savings when storing large amounts of data (magnetic disk, tape) offers the slowest time and therefore the worst throughput and latency economics. Conversely, the media with the lowest latency and highest throughput (memory, SSD) is the most expensive per storage unit.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/en\/uslugi_cat\/blockchain-en\">Blockchain<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Blockchain<\/strong> is <strong>a distributed ledger<\/strong> that underpins the Bitcoin cryptocurrency.<\/p>\n\n<p>Blockchains are arguably a new kind of shared distributed database. Similar to systems based on the Dynamo model, data on the blockchain is redundantly distributed across a large number of hosts. In the current database system, the database owner has absolute control over the data stored in the database. However, in the Blockchain system, ownership remains with the creator of the data.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/ru-ru\/resources\/cloud-computing-dictionary\/what-is-quantum-computing\/#introduction\">quantum computing<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>The use of quantum effects to create new types of computers <strong>was popularized<\/strong> by physicist Richard Feynman back <strong>in the 1980s<\/strong> . The basic concept is <strong>to use<\/strong> <strong>the behavior of subatomic particles<\/strong> as the building blocks of computation.<\/p>\n\n<p>Our company KLONA is engaged <a href=\"https:\/\/klona.ua\/en\/uslugi_cat\/artificial-intelligence\">in the development, configuration and modification of databases<\/a> . Contact us and we will determine exactly what database your business needs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The history of databases is the history of experts who, at various times, tried to understand their complexity. The practices, structures, and use of databases, so innovative at the time, have become an integral part of how organizations manage data today. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":50,"featured_media":22946,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[827],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-artificial-intelligence"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v18.6 (Yoast SEO v23.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Database. 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